ÖZET
Bu derlemenin amacı, çocuk acil serviste (ÇAS) kullanılan ısıtılmış nemlendirilmiş yüksek akımlı nazal kanül oksijen (YANKO) tedavisi ile ilgili literatürün gözden geçirilmesi ve bu tedavinin etki mekanizmasının, kullanım endikasyonlarının, etkinliğinin ve güvenilirliğinin tartışılmasıdır. MEDLINE (PubMed) ve Google Scholar kullanılarak Ocak 2019’a kadar olan tüm yayınlar tarandı. ÇAS’de gerçekleştirilen YANKO kullanımı ile ilgili tüm orijinal çalışmalar derlemeye dahil edildi. Arama kriterlerini karşılayan literatürdeki on dört çalışma incelendi. Bu çalışmalara dahil edilen hastaların çoğu (1867, %67) akut bronşiyolitli çocuklardı. Çalışmaların çoğu, YANKO’nun solunum hızı, kalp atım hızı, endotrakeal entübasyon ve yoğun bakım (YB) yatış oranını azaltmada standart oksijen tedavisinden daha etkili olduğunu belirtmekle birlikte, bazı çalışmalar bu tedavinin akut bronşiyolitli hastalarda en az diğer non-invaziv ventilasyon yöntemleri kadar etkili olduğunu göstermiştir. YANKO tedavisinin başlatılması ve kesilmesi konusunda henüz bir görüş birliği olmamakla birlikte, bu yöntemin güvenle kullanılabileceği belirtilmektedir. YANKO tedavisi, özellikle akut bronşiyoliti olan çocuklar için kullanışlı bir tedavi yöntemidir. Acil serviste solunum sıkıntısı nedeniyle tedavi edilen çocuklarda solunum sıkıntısını, endotrakeal entübasyon ve YB yatış oranını azalttığı gösterilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, başlangıç süreci, akış hızı ve hastaları tedaviden ayırma ile ilgili sınırlı veri vardır. Bu konuların ele alınacağı daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır.
References
1
Meissner HC. Viral bronchiolitis in children. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:62-72.
2
Hasegawa K, Tsugawa Y, Brown DF, Mansbach JM, Camargo CA Jr. Temporal Trends in emergency department visits for bronchiolitis in the United States, 2006 to 2010. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33:11-8.
3
Nair H, Nokes DJ, Gessner BD, Dherani M, Madhi SA, et al. Global burden of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010;375:1545-55.
4
Ralston SL, Lieberthal AS, Meissner HC, Alverson BK, Baley JE, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: The Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Bronchiolitis. Pediatrics. 2014;134:1474-502.
5
Frat JP, Coudroy R, Thille AW. Non-invasive ventilation or high-flow oxygen therapy: When to choose one over the other? Respirology. 2019;8:724-31.
6
Kalburgi S, Halley T, Kolaitis IN, Hood K, Mittal V. A Review of Heated High-Flow Nasal Cannula in Pediatrics From Critical Care to Ward Use. Curr Treat Options Peds. 2018;4:319-29.
7
Slain KN, Shein SL, Rotta AT. The use of high-flow nasal cannula in the pediatric emergency department. J Pediatr. 2017;93:36-45.
8
Mayfield S, Jauncey-Cooke J, Hough JL, Schibler A, Gibbons K, et al. High-flow nasal cannula therapy for respiratory support in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;3:CD009850.
9
Sinha IP, McBride AKS, Smith R, Fernandes RM. CPAP and high-flow nasal cannula oxygen in bronchiolitis. Chest. 2010;58:810-23.
10
Haq I, Gopalakaje S, Fenton AC, McKean MC, O’Brien CJ, et al. The evidence for high flow nasal cannula devices in infants. Pediatr Respir Rev. 2014;15:124-34.
11
Mikalsen IB, Davis P, Øymar K. High flow nasal cannula in children: a literature review. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2016;93:1-12.
12
Chisti MJ, Salam MA, Smith JH, Ahmed T, Pietroni MA, et al. Bubble continuous positive airway pressure for children with severe pneumonia and hypoxaemia in Bangladesh: an open, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;386:1057-65.
13
Mace AO, Gibbons J, Schultz A, Knight G, Martin AC. Humidified high-flow nasal cannula oxygen for bronchiolitis: should we go with the flow? Arch Dis Child. 2018;103:303.
14
Shein SL, Slain KN, Rotta AT. High flow nasal cannula flow rates: New data worth the weight. J Pediatr. 2017;189:9-10.
15
Milési C, Pierre AF, Deho A, Pouyau R, Liet JM, et al. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of a 3-L/kg/min versus 2-L/kg/min high-flow nasal cannula flow rate in young infants with severe viral bronchiolitis (TRAMONTANE 2). Intensive Care Med. 2018;44:1870-8.
16
Arora B, Mahajan P, Zidan MA. Sethuraman U. Nasopharyngeal airway pressures in bronchiolitis patients treated with high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2012;11:1179-84.
17
Mayfield S, Bogossian F, O’Malley L, Schibler A. High‑flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy for infants with bronchiolitis: pilot study. J Paediatr Child Health. 2014;50:373-8.
18
Milani GP, Plebani AM, Arturi E, Brusa D, Esposito S, et al. Using a high-flow nasal cannula provided superior results to low-flow oxygen delivery in moderate to severe bronchiolitis. Acta Paediatr. 2016;105:e368-72.
19
Kepreotes E, Whitehead B, Attia J, Oldmeadow C, Collison A, et al. High-flow warm humidified oxygen versus standard low-flow nasal cannula oxygen for moderate bronchiolitis (HFWHO RCT): an open, phase 4, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;389:930-9.
20
Davison M, Watson M, Wockner L, Kinnear F. Paediatric high-flow nasal cannula therapy in children with bronchiolitis: A retrospective safety and efficacy study in a non-tertiary environment. Emerg Med Australas. 2017;29:198-203.
21
Franklin D, Babl FE, Schlapbach LJ, Oakley E, Craig S, et al. A randomized trial of high-flow oxygen therapy in infants with bronchiolitis. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:1121-31.
22
Yurtseven A, Turan C, Erseven E, Saz EU. Comparison of heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula flow rates (1-L·kg·min vs 2-L·kg·min ) in the management of acute bronchiolitis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2019;6:1-7.
23
Wing R, James C, Maranda LS, Armsby CC. Use of high-flow nasal cannula support in the emergency department reduces the need for intubation in pediatric acute respiratory insufficiency. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2012;28:1117-23.
24
Kelly GS, Simon HK, Sturm JJ. High-flow nasal cannula use in children with respiratory distress in the emergency department: predicting the need for subsequent intubation. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2013;29:888-92.
25
Long E, Babl FE, Duke T. Is there a role for humidified heated high-flow nasal cannula therapy in paediatric emergency departments? Emerg Med J. 2016;33:386-9.
26
Söğütlü Y, Biçer S, Kurt G, Şah O, Namdar M, et al. Outcomes of High-flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen Therapy on the Vital Signs of Children with Lower Respiratory Tract Diseases. J Pediatr Emerg Intensive Care Med. 2016;3:121-30.
27
Vitaliti G, Vitaliti MC, Finocchiaro MC, Di Stefano VA, Pavone P, et al. Randomized Comparison of Helmet CPAP Versus High-Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen in Pediatric Respiratory Distress. Respir Care. 2017;62:1036-42.
28
Er A, Çağlar A, Akgül F, Ulusoy E, Çitlenbik H, et al. Early predictors of unresponsiveness to high-flow nasal cannula therapy in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatric Pulmonol. 2018;53:809-15.
29
Ballestero Y, De Pedro J, Portillo N, Martinez-Mugica O, Arana-Arri E, et al. Pilot Clinical Trial of High-Flow Oxygen Therapy in Children with Asthma in the Emergency Service. J Pediatr. 2018;194:204-10.
30
Spentzas T, Minarik M, Patters AB, Vinson B, Stidham G. Children with respiratory distress treated with high-flow nasal cannula. J Intensive Care Med. 2009;24:323-8.
31
Riese J, Fierce J, Riese A, Alverson BK. Effect of a Hospital-wide High-Flow Nasal Cannula Protocol on Clinical Outcomes and Resource Utilization of Bronchiolitis Patients Admitted to the PICU. Hosp Pediatr. 2015;5:613-8.
32
Wang J, Lee KP, Chong SL, Loi M, Lee JH. High flow nasal cannula in the emergency department: indications, safety and effectiveness. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2018;14:1-7.
33
Dysart K, Miller TL, Wolfson MR, Shaffer TH. Research in high flow therapy: mechanisms of action. Respir Med. 2009;103:1400-5.
34
Numa AH, Newth CJ. Anatomic dead space in infants and children. J Appl Physiol. 1996;80:1485-9.
35
Van Hove SC, Storey J, Adams C, Dey K, Geoghegan PH, et al. An Experimental and Numerical Investigation of CO2 Distribution in the Upper Airways During Nasal High Flow Therapy. Ann Biomed Eng. 2016;44:3007-19.
36
Frizzola M, Miller TL, Rodriguez ME, Zhu Y, Rojas J, et al. High-flow nasal cannula: impact on oxygenation and ventilation in an acute lung injury model. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011;46:67-74.
37
Shepard JW Jr, Burger CD. Nasal and oral flow-volume loops in normal subjects and patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990;142:1288-93.
38
Pham TM, O’Malley L, Mayfield S, Martin S, Schibler A. The effect of high flow nasal cannula therapy on the work of breathing in infants with bronchiolitis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014;50:713-20.
39
Chidekel A, Zhu Y, Wang J, Mosko JJ, Rodriguez E, et al. The effects of gas humidification with high-flow nasal cannula on cultured human airway epithelial cells. Pulm Med. 2012;2012:380686.
40
Milesi C, Baleine J, Matecki S, Durand S, Combes C, et al. Is treatment with a high flow nasal cannula effective in acute viral bronchiolitis? A physiologic study. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:1088-94.
41
Spentzas T, Minarik M, Patters AB, Vinson B, Stidham G. Children with respiratory distress treated with high-flow nasal cannula. J Intensive Care Med. 2009;24:323-8.
42
Hutchings FA, Hilliard TN, Davis PJ. Heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula therapy in children. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100:571-5.
43
Betters KA, Hebbar KB, McCracken C, Heitz D, Sparacino S, et al. A Novel Weaning Protocol for High-Flow Nasal Cannula in the PICU. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017;18:e274-80.
44
Sochet AA, McGee JA, October TW. Oral Nutrition in Children With Bronchiolitis on High-Flow Nasal Cannula Is Well Tolerated. Hosp Pediatr. 2017;7:249-55.
45
Slain KN, Martinez-Schlurmann N, Shein SL, Stormorken A. Nutrition and High-Flow Nasal Cannula Respiratory Support in Children With Bronchiolitis. Hosp Pediatr. 2017;7:256-62.
46
Bressan S, Balzani M, Krauss B, Pettenazzo A, Zanconato S, et al. High-flow nasal cannula oxygen for bronchiolitis in a pediatric ward: a pilot study. Eur J Pediatr. 2013;172:1649-56.
47
Testa G, Iodice F, Ricci Z, Vitale V, De Razza F, et al. Comparative evaluation of high-flow nasal cannula and conventional oxygen therapy in paediatric cardiac surgical patients: a randomized controlled trial. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2014;19:456-61.
48
McKiernan C, Chua LC, Visintainer PF, Allen H. High flow nasal cannulae therapy in infants with bronchiolitis. J Pediatr. 2010;156:634-8.
49
Schlapbach LJ, Straney L, Gelbart B, Alexander J, Franklin D, et al. Burden of disease and change in practice in critically ill infants with bronchiolitis. Eur Respir J. 2017;49:1-11.
50
Schibler A, Pham TM, Dunster KR, Foster K, Barlow A, et al. Reduced intubation rates for infants after introduction of high-flow nasal prong oxygen delivery. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37:847-52.
51
Hegde S, Prodhan P. Serious air leak syndrome complicating high-flow nasal cannula therapy: a report of 3 cases. Pediatrics. 2013;131:e939-44.
52
ten Brink F, Duke T, Evans J. High-flow nasal prong oxygen therapy or nasopharyngeal continuous positive airway pressure for children with moderateto-severe respiratory distress?*. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2013;14:e326-31.
53
Jhung MA, Sunenshine RH, Noble-Wang J, Coffin SE, St John K, et al. A national outbreak of Ralstonia mannitolilytica associated with use of a contaminated oxygen-delivery device among pediatric patients. Pediatrics. 2007;119:1061-8.
54
Collins CL, Barfield C, Horne RS, Davis PG. A comparison of nasal trauma in preterm infants extubated to either heated humidified high-flow nasal cannulae or nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Eur J Pediatr. 2014;173:181-6.
55
Abboud PA, Roth PJ, Skiles CL, Stolfi A, Rowin ME. Predictors of failure in infants with viral bronchiolitis treated with high-flow, highhumidity nasal cannula therapy*. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2012;13:e343-9.
56
Wraight TI, Ganu SS. High-flow nasal cannula use in a paediatric intensive care unit over 3 years. Crit Care Resusc. 2015;17:197-201.
